We use the geometric mean to analyze past performance over multi-year outlooks and the arithmetic mean for future (expected) performance of a single year.

There are four main testable measurement scales for the CFA Level 1 exam: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. You need to know the differences between them all. 

Study the entire CFA Institute standards of practice to review the Ethics material in minutes. 

The CFA Level 1 exam is about the ability to quickly grasp the outlines of the curriculum and then answer a barrage of multiple questions that ask you to apply formulas and intuit concepts across a vast array of financial topics.

Everything the CFA Level 1 exam asks you to know about callable bonds.

Tips, tricks, and wisdom for how to make the last week of CFA studying effective.

Most of the CFA curriculum assumes that markets are efficient. In this post we break down the signs of an efficient market as well as some of the challenges to this theory. This post is geared for L1 but can serve as a useful refresher for L3 as well. 

Auctions are used as a mechanism of price discovery and a way to determine the equilibrium price. They have historically been tested with 1-2 questions on the CFA Level 1 exam. 

We use industry analysis to better understand the big picture and a company's relative position within it. Peer groups is one comparable companies approach useful in valuation analysis (and tested in the CFA Level 1 exam).

Not all portfolio return measurements are equal. This post covers the main CFA Level 1 methods/equations for measuring portfolio return.